Mr Zhu Qi Essay Example Essay Example

Mr Zhu Qi Essay Example Paper Mr Zhu Qi Essay Introduction How should the Flayton Electronics team respond to the crisis? 1. Introduction As information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) improving rapidly, a massive number of business activities can be done by IT and IS. However, it is inevitable that the risks and threats are increasing at the same time. Thus, new kinds of risks and crimes, which mentioned by Choo and Smith, may emerge during doing the cyber events like online payments, auctions, gaming, social networking sites and blogs (Choo amp; Smith, 2008).Obviously, in Flayton’s case, the company suffering from data breach which happened at the processes of online payments is a typical and common information technology problem recently. Adebayo have defined data breach as well as security breach is an action that disclosing the secure and confidential information to an untrusted environment by an unauthorized individual (Adebayo, 2012). The Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR) has shown that there were 855 incide nts of data breach and 174 million compromised records in the world in 2011, most of which were attacked by hacker and malware (DBIR, 2012).As we can see that the probability of data breach happened in 2011 was relatively high, and what Caldwell predicted that the number of data breaches will continue to rise up in the later years (Caldwell, 2012). Thus, there is no doubt that it will be an enormous challenge for the companies like Flayton Electronics. In Flayton’s case, the data breach informed by the Union Century Bank actually occurred in Flayton Electronics, a 25- year company. Because the young company never encountered such situation, the top management team face the new territory and difficulties, and the whole company were at stake.In this paper, the solution will be provided by the author. On the one hand, there is a debate on whether the company should inform their customers that their data and information had been revealed, if so, when and how to make notifications are of great importance for the reputation of Flayton Electronics. On the other hand, investigation should be done to find out the reason and the crime culprit of the accident, and then it is necessary to fix the problems and clarify the fact to the public. After that, long-term measures of protect the IT/IS security for Flayton Electronics will be set.At last, the compensation for the victims and punishment for the inefficient staffs in the company will be done. Totally, those are the all solutions to the Flayton’s case, and the details of them will be recommended later in this paper. 2. Solutions 2. 1 Communicating to the Customers The most significant decision which may be associated with the reputation of the Flayton Electronics in the future is about the means of reporting the truth of the data breach accident, because different ways of releasing the incident may cause the completely different results.Fortunately, a research conducted by Romanosky, Hoffman and Acquisti which explored two questions â€Å"First, what kinds of data breaches are being litigated in federal court, and why? Second, what kinds of data breach lawsuits are settling, and why? † can be regarded as a useful guide to cope with such confused problem. The results of their investigation of more than 230 data breach lawsuits from 2000-2010 have been shown that the possibility of a company being sued in federal court are 3. times greater when people suffer financial loss, but more than 6 times lower when the company provides free credit monitoring after the breach, and defendants settle 30% more often when plaintiffs put financial damage as a reason from a data breach (Romanosky, Hoffman amp; Acquisti, 2011). Totally, there are many ways to report the fact of the security breach, some of which have been recommended by the staffs of Flayton Electronics the banks and those experts who commented in this case.However different people hold different views, for example: The Secret Service of Union Century Bank who checked out the data breach in Flayton Electronics required the company keeping the fact under wraps until they nail the bastards who did this; What Darrell Huntington, the long-time outside counsel said is that the entity who discloses the data breach first would get sued, so they should not inform the fact to anyone; Sally O’Connor, the communications director listed three communications options: Holding a press conference soon; informing customers by letter; do nothing until law enforcement was ready to go public; James E.Lee’s brand-restoration strategy asked Flayton Electronics to notify the affected customers quickly, by setting up hotlines, and offering credit-monitoring services; Bill Boni suggested Flayton Electronics working with the Secret Service, but at the same time disclosing the fact in some states; John Philip Coghlan’s solution is to communicate the customers timely by a special web page and exclusive informati onal events; Jay Foley agreed with Darrell Huntington remaining quiet right now, but his reason which different from Darrell Huntington’s is that Flayton’s recently have no good information to put out.To summary the solutions provided above, though, various range of reasons explained by the experts, there are only two main opposite point of views, remaining silent or telling truth to the customers timely. If Flayton’s keep the data breach as a secret and wait the final result of the investigation by the Secret Service or themselves, it may not easily get sued by customers quickly, and if they get some good information and find out the bad guys, everything will be all right.However, the risk of this solution is relatively high, because the possibility of revealing the secret during long term investigation may be great, and if failed, the damage of the firm is huge. It is not sure that how long could the IT experts find out the perpetrators, which may be never kno w the reason why data breaching. None of the staffs can guarantee the disclosure of the accident. Besides, to hide the truth is like a way of cheating to their customers.Therefore, taking into account the reputation of Flayton Electronics this method is absolutely not desirable. So, it is necessary that the Flayton Electronics should release the fact to the public as soon as possible. Although, according to Hasan and Yurcik, the reasons why companies not to report breach to the public are that â€Å"damage to reputation, loss of current/future customers, and possible lawsuits from shareholders/customers† (Hasan and Yurcik, 2006). A brand-restoration strategy mentioned by Lee should be developed by the Flayton Electronics team.Given the research by Romanosky, Hoffman and Acquisti above, offering credit-monitoring services is quite essential. According to O’Connor’s three communication methods, holding a press conference is a good way to accurately, honestly, and contritely tell the story to the public, but the means to inform the victims not only is to connect by letter, but also are to communication by phone or to visit his house (if he is an important one). However, there is no doubt that the customers who receive the terrible news will get anger.Thus, what Flayton Electronics should do is to calm the customers down and to console them in order to keep them loyal, as Lee suggested â€Å"Offer discounts and sales, meet with critics of the company, and develop and promote new web pages that outline reforms in the firm’s policies and practices†. In other words, taking a long-term view, Brett and his team should be patient and put the interests of consumers in the first place. Besides, some potential risks should be analysed and put them in plan.Therefore, it is possible that if Brett Flayton’s team provides a rapid, focused, and effective response, his customers would become the most loyal of all. 2. 2 Dealing with the S ystem and Managing of People At the same time, the company’s IT team should check the whole system and try their best to find out the reason and problem of the data breach. Risks to network security such as, hackers, malware, well-meaning insiders and malicious insiders are most likely affecting to the information system in Flayton’s firm (Bansal, 2010). Firstly, they should repair the vulnerability of the firewall and update the systems.For example, there was a similar case happened in Heartland Payment Systems in late 2008. Because the code of system was written eight years ago without updating annually, the database suffered from SQL injection attack leading to the data breach (Cheney, 2010). Therefore, the systems should be maintained and checked frequently in the future. Secondly, the well-meaning insiders may be the big problems. Cheney showed that 67% of breached records as a result of insider negligence (Cheney, 2010). For Brett, managing his personnel is very essential for the Flayton’s development.As Foley suggest, incompetent staffs like Sergei, the CIO, must be dismissed. In order to improve the staffs’ awareness of IT security, Brett should set the class related to computer security for his employee weekly. Finally, there are two for the terminated employees being mentioned by human resources director, Ben Friedman. Surveys must be done for the two suspicious people. In addition, the firm’s PCI compliance should 100% meet the requirements, so that liability for the data breach could reduce, protection of critical systems is improved, personal/confidential ata would become more safe, and likelihood of a breach could fall down (Woda, 2007). 3. Conclusion A data breach is an incident which confidential data has been viewed, stolen or used by an illegal user. Nowadays, data breach may be in inevitable because of the high speed developing e-business, so some knowledge of preventing and solving the security breach is t he necessary skill for the managers. Because lacking the experience and knowledge of data breach, Brett and his team got into trouble. Solutions have been provided in the paper.To summary, the way to connect well with the customers, the surveys to find out the problem maker, the method to maintain the systems in the future and the solution of people managing have been come up with. However, the Flayton Electronics may get sued and the future of the firm still unknown. The primary cause may be the fast development of Flayton’s. There is no doubt that the high speed development would sacrifice the interests of many people, so what Brett should do is changing his strategy to a sustainable development pattern.Here comes the challenge for Brett and his company. Reference Adebayo, A. O. (2012). A Foundation for Breach Data Analysis. Journal of Information Engineering and Applications, 2(4), 17-23. Bansal, S. (2010). Data Breach: Causes, Circumstances, and Remedies. Caldwell, T. (20 12). Reporting data breaches. Computer Fraud amp; Security, 2012(7), 5-10. Cheney, J. (2010). Heartland Payment Systems: lessons learned from a data breach. FRB of Philadelphia-Payment Cards Center Discussion Paper, (10-1). Choo, K. K. R. , amp; Smith, R. G. 2008). Criminal exploitation of online systems by organised crime groups. Asian journal of criminology, 3(1), 37-59. Hasan, R. , amp; Yurcik, W. (2006). A statistical analysis of disclosed storage security breaches. In Proceedings of the second ACM workshop on Storage security and survivability (pp. 1-8). ACM. Romanosky, S. , Hoffman, D. , amp; Acquisti, A. (2011). Empirical analysis of data breach litigation. TPRC. Woda, A. (2007). Achieving Compliance With the PCI Data Security Standard. INFORMATION SYSTEMS CONTROL JOURNAL, 4, 46. Mr Zhu Qi Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Compliment vs Complement

Compliment vs Complement Compliment vs Complement Compliment vs Complement By Ali Hale I had an email at work recently which read â€Å"This new software will compliment the existing system.† Can you spot what’s wrong with that sentence? If you get confused by the difference between compliment and complement, or if you’re unsure which to use when, read on. Compliment Merriam-Webster defines a compliment as â€Å"an expression of esteem, respect, affection, or admiration; especially : an admiring remark†. It comes from Middle French, via the Italian complimento, and the Spanish cumplimiento, which originates from the Latin verb cumplir: to be courteous. For example: I was trying to pay that girl a compliment, but she ignored me. Sometimes he blushes when you offer him a compliment. In the plural, compliments can also mean best wishes. It is often used as â€Å"with compliments† such as on a compliments slip (a small piece of letter-headed paper, often used by companies for a quick note to a customer or client when a full sheet would be too large.) You also see the phrase â€Å"with compliments of the season† in greetings cards. The verb â€Å"to compliment† is very similar, meaning â€Å"to pay a compliment to†. Note that it is a transitive verb so must have an object. For example: Are you trying to compliment me, or trying to insult me? When he complimented the girl on her dress, his friends laughed at him. Complimentary The adjective complimentary is closely related to the word compliment, and in this context it can mean either â€Å"expressing or containing a compliment† or â€Å"favourable† (Merriam-Webster): My mother made some very complimentary remarks about my choice of shoes. The new restaurant has a very complimentary write-up in the local newspaper. Complimentary also has the meaning â€Å"free†, when something is given as a courtesy or favour: Please accept these complimentary tickets. I thought that the mini-bar was complimentary, but we were charged for our drinks. Complement The word complement comes from the same root as complete. It has nothing to do with being courteous, and comes directly from Middle English, from the Latin word complementum. Merriam-Webster’s first definition is â€Å"something that fills up, completes, or makes perfect†, and it can also be used to mean â€Å"the quantity, number, or assortment required to make a thing complete†, though can sound a little odd or old-fashioned in this context: We had the full complement of pots and pans. Our store does not have enough employees to work the required complement of hours. Complement is often used in scientific, technical or academic areas of discourse, where the complement of X supplies what X is missing, thus making a complete whole. Examples of this usage are: Complement good (economics) Complementary colour (art) You can find a fuller list in Wikipedias entry for the term Complement. In everyday writing, complement is more often used as a verb. Again, it is a transitive verb: The illustrations complement the text. Our new software will complement the existing product. So, my email correspondent should have written that â€Å"This new software will complement the existing system.† But I suspect she wouldn’t have replied to compliment me if I’d written back to point out the mistake†¦ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of Language"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Types of Plots

The Process of Institution Governance and Decision Making Research Paper

The Process of Institution Governance and Decision Making - Research Paper Example The process of institutional governance and decision making is dependent on how the authority is distributed amongst the administration under the legal rights and obligation. This ultimately trickles down to the organizational behaviour of the members of the institute, which is unfolded into what direction the institute adopts by unfolding its strategies that impact all the stakeholders. One of the solutions to avoid the conflict amongst different stakeholder groups by the board of the higher academic institute is by provisioning of ‘shared governance’, which allows representation of views of all the stakeholders that are affected by the decision making process. This happens because each stakeholder group provides the views and inputs related to their interest in the decision-making process of the board. Faculty, student groups, members of the alumni, members of the board of trustees, founder members, investors etc. are all provided with a chance to share their views in setting up a strategy by the board for the future of the institute. Rivera (2008) pointed out that shared governance is the process of involving many different actors in making decisions or choosing outcome direction that serves the best interest of the whole. But this has also been criticized by many schools of thought since it is believed that institutions are to be managed like corporations. Hence applications of concepts such as delegation of authority, a division of autonomy and negotiations form part of how the decisions unroll and who has the advantage in terms of higher bargaining power.

Stooge Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stooge Concept - Essay Example n of heaping torture upon one individual, it is a necessity for the mental well being of the many, in order that the utopian condition of the city might be preserved. In a similar manner, Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is based upon the same theme of one individual becoming a scapegoat to bear the brunt of frustration and anger that others feel – the sacrifice of the one to preserve the happiness of the many. Crane’s â€Å"The Blue Hotel† also reiterates this theme of selection of a scapegoat elected to suffer in order that the happiness of others and their utopian existing state can be maintained. LeGuin’s story progresses through there phases – the first shows suggests an idyllic existence, fortunate that the citizens of Omelas enjoy. But the dark undertones to the story are revealed in the second half of the story where the existence of the one child locked in filthy, miserable conditions within a broom closet is revealed to the reader – it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect.† (LeGuin 281). The existence of the child is known to the citizens of the town – it sometimes begs for release and promises to be good, because it is suffering so much from being naked, covered with sores and left to sit in its own excrement. Most of the citizens view the child and are shocked at its pitiable state, however although they would like to do something to help the child, they cannot because â€Å"to throw away the happiness of thousands for the chance for the happiness of one: that would be to let guilt within the walls indeed.† (LeGuin 282). Therefore, many of them try to rationalize the suffering to themselves by arguing that after so long, the child would not even appreciate freedom – â€Å"it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it, and dakness for its eyes and its own excrement to sit in.† (LeGuin 283). The third part of the story deals with the reaction to this revelation, and how some people walk away from the

Critically Assess Government Policy on 'Bridging the Digital Divide' Essay

Critically Assess Government Policy on 'Bridging the Digital Divide' in U.K - Essay Example However, the relevant measures are often proved as inadequate; delays and failures are reported when trying to apply such policies in practices. Current paper focuses on the efforts of the British government to ‘bridge the digital divide’ so that the quality of services in the country’s private and public sector to be improved, since these services are highly based on ICTs. The aspects of this effort are analysed below. The review of the plans that the British government has promoted in this field has led to the following assumption: the effort of the British government ‘to bridge the digital divide’ can be characterized as successful, at least up to now. In accordance with a relevant report, the expansion of online services could lead to savings of about ? 1.3b each year (France 2011). However, in the future, the effectiveness of these plans would be in risk, taking into consideration the continuous advances of technology and the level of resources r equired for the realization of the relevant schemes. 2. Bridging the digital divide in Britain – governmental policy In order to understand the effectiveness of the efforts of the British government ‘to bridge the digital divide’ across the country, it would be necessary to understand the context of the specific effort. The phrase ‘bridging the digital divide’ reflects the efforts required for covering gaps in regard to the use of ICTs within a particular country. Most commonly, these gaps are covered through a series of initiatives focusing on different aspects of the use of ICTs. For example, emphasis is given on the physical access to online centres, the availability of appropriate Internet connection, the development of computer skills of people of different ages, the elimination of inequalities in regard to the access to ICTs and the development of effective e-government schemes in accordance with the sources available and the targets set, eithe r in the short or the long term. The efforts of the British government to ‘bridge the digital divide’ have been based on the avoidance of complex ICTs; by choosing ICTs which are easy to be managed and flexible, as of their potentials and their needs, the British government tries to increase the efficiency of its online services which have been characterized by difficulties as of their access and failures as of their performance (Cabinet Office 2011). The British government’s new strategy in regard to the promotion of ICTs across the country is presented in Graph 1 (Appendix). It is clear that the country’s government has set different priorities, compared to the past, for improving its online services. Simplicity and high speed have been preferred instead of complexity, since in this way the following target is achieved: the level of ICTs in the public sector of Britain is standardized, a fact that helps people to understand easier the use of ICTs for acc essing the country’s public sector. 2.1 Measures for supporting physical access The physical access to online services requires that online centres across UK are increased, in terms of their number. In this way, people in all regions will be able to access the government’s online services. At the same time, the quality of broadband services available in online centres in Britain should be improved, leading to the increase of the number of customers. Since problems are often reported across the countr

Infection and Immunology: A Case Study

Infection and Immunology: A Case Study The presenting symptoms for Billy DeWitt were his consecutive infections of sinusitis, otitis media and pneumonia. All of these infections were bacterial in nature and as such they were treated successfully with antibiotics. A further physical examination revealed that the child does not have palantine tonsils. This is considered a symptom as he has not had them removed at any point surgically. This implies that he was born without those particular tonsils, which may be characteristic of what is ailing Billy. The final two symptoms involve the analysis of Billys blood. The tests showed that the blood contained one-fifth what is considered the regular level for immunoglobulins and also that the concentration of B-lymphocytes was down. The blood tests also showed that the functionality of Billys T-lymphocytes was within normal limits. This means that although the some of the immune response is normal, the amount of both immunoglobulins and the B-lymphocytes in the blood serum were low. This suggests that the disease that Billy has seems to be affecting a specific part of his immune response. The inflammatory response is the bodys natural response to tissue damage. The four basic signs for this response are pain, swelling, fever, and lethargy, apathy, and a loss of appetite. There are two stages to pain. First is the acute pain that is caused when you do something such as touch a stove. Its a quick stabbing-like mechanism that tells the brain that you are doing something thats not good and gets you to stop it immediately. The latter type of pain, the type seen with inflamation, is the kind that stays for a long time. It acts as a constant reminder to take better care of the area in order for it to heal Swelling is a defensive process created by the body. The sensory nerves react to what is causing the inflamation and causes the blood vessles to become more permeable (causing redness). This causes the white blood cells to get out to where the problem is and attack any pathogens that are causeing it. Fever is caused by an increase in the hormone prostaglandin E2, which causes the hypothalmus to increase the bodys thermostat.This makes the external temperature feel colder, causing the body to go through invouluntary actions to increase body heat, such as shivering. Also, most bacteria reproduce the most at normal body temperature, so by increasing the temperature of the body, the bacteria divide less often. This is also convenient because at a higher than normal body temperature, immune cells divide faster. The root cause of the lethargy, apathy, and loss of appetite seen in someone responding from inflammation, is their fever. In order to cause a fever, the body must use up 10-13% more body heat than usual, which requires much more energy. In order to balance the energy budget, sacrifices must be made elsewhere, causing the person in which the infection is located to be more lazy and tired, because they lack energy. Inflamation and tissue Healing Sportsinjuryclinic.net. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. Quanted, Patrick. The inflammation Process. Web. 4 Feb. 2010. The body is populated by two types of lymphocytes: B- and T-lymphocytes. Both types of lymphocytes circulate through the blood and lymph and are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid tissues. B cells and T cells recognize antigens by means of antigen receptors embedded in their plasma membranes. A single B or T cell bears about 100,000 of these antigen receptors, and all the receptors on a single cell are identical this is, they all recognize the same epitope. In other words, each lymphocyte displays specificity for a particular epitope on an antigen and defends against that antigen or a small set of closely related antigens. T cells and B cells are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response. T cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity whereas B cells are primarily responsible for humoral immunity (relating to antibodies). The function of T cells and B cells is to recognize specific non-self antigens, during a process known as antigen presentation. Once they have identified an invader, the cells generate specific responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen infected cells. B cells respond to pathogens by producing large quantities of antibodies which then neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. In response to pathogens some T cells, called T helper cells, produce cytokines that direct the immune response while other T cells, called cytotoxic T cells, produce toxic granules that induce the death of pathogen infected cells. Following activation, B cells and T cells leave a lasting legacy of the antigens they have encountered, in the fo rm of memory cells. Throughout the lifetime of an animal these memory cells will remember each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to mount a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. Harding, CV, and L. Ramachandra. Presenting exogenous antigen to T cells. PubMed.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, Feb. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Lee, K, et al. In Vivo Tumor Suppression Activity by T cell-specific T-bet Restoration. PubMed.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine National Institute of Health, 8 Feb. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. A person with deficient of B-Cell will have weak immune responses since the B cell are responsible for the primary immune response. This will lead to massive bacterial infection early in life during development. Typically respiratory infections such as pneumonia are usually the first sign of these infections. Others are skin infections; meningitis, bacteremias and abscesses are also common when there is a deficiency in B-Cell. The deficiency of B-Cell usually occurs when the child becomes 7-9 years of age. Tonsillar B-Cell is the primary type of B cell which is produced by the pansil tonsil located in the side of throat. Since Billy lacked the palatine tonsils, the onset of B-Cell problems would therefore occur much early in his life. Issam, Makhoul. Pure B-Cell Disorders. emedicine. Medscape, 4 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Antibodies (also known as immunoglobulins, abbreviatedIg) are glycoproteins that are found in blood and other bodily fluids of vertebrates. They are used by the immune system to identify and destroy foreign objects (bacteria and viruses). Plasma cells, a kind of white blood cell produce antibodies. Antibodies have a similar structure but have a small region at the tip of them that allows millions of antibodies with different tip structures and antigen binding sites, to exist. They are Y-shaped with a binding site on each tip of the Y. This region is known as the hypervariable region. There are five classes of antibodies: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. IgG are the most important antibody and also the most common. Each antibody can bind to a specific antigen using its tip. An antigen is any substance that causes the immune system to produce antibodies against it. Antigens can be a foreign substance such as a bacteria, virus, chemical, toxin, or pollen.The large amount of antibodies allow s the immune system to recognize many different antigens and act accordingly. The unique part of the antigen recognized by an antibody is called anepitope. Epitopes bind with their antibody in a process calledinduced fit. This allows antibodies to identify and bind only to their specific antigen. Antibodies can also destroy targets by binding to a part of apathogenthat it needs to cause aninfection. Antibodies function in different ways designed to eliminate the antigen that caused their production. The binding occurs by noncovalent forces, like between enzymes and their substrate. These bonds include hydrogen bonds, electrostatic bonds, Van der Waals forces and hydrophobic bonds. When a foreign object enters the body for the first time the body can develop symptoms of disease. After the same antigen enters the body again the body develops an immune response to that pathogen. This is the way people avoid certain diseases such as chicken pox more than once. Antigen Presentation. Kimballs Biology Pages. N.p., 30 Aug. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Mayer, Gene. Immunoglobulins Structure and Function. Mircrobiology and Immunology On-line. University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6 Nov. 2009. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Stevenson, John R. Immunoglobulin Structure and Function. MBI. N.p., 19 Sept. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. Ten months is the normal age at which babies are weaned. If this is what happened to Billy, then it explains why he was never infected before. Breastfed babies are protected by their own mothers milk. About 80 percent of the cells in a mothers milk are macrophages, which kill bacteria and viruses in the babys body. Not only that, but the mothers milk also contains antibodies for whatever disease is present in her environment. This protects the babies from many diseases such as pneumonia, staph infections, and ear infections. Weaning Billy from his mothers milk takes away the only protection from his environment that he has, because his body is incapable of fending for itself, and leaves him defenseless, which causes him to constantly get sick. Williams, Rebecca D. Breastfeeding: Best Bet for Babies. Childbirth Solutions, Inc. Web. 8 Feb. 2010. The palatine tonsils, also referred to as tonsils, are a pair of very elastic tissue masses located at the back of the throat, which is the pharynx. Each of these tonsils is made of tissue that is similar to lymph nodes covered in pink mucosa. The palatine tonsils are part of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system fights off major and minor infections. They are the bodys defense against viruses and bacteria by creating antibodies to destroy the bacteria or virus. Medical researchers have studied that when childrens tonsils are removed, they would not suffer the loss in the future with immunity to diseases or the ability to defend off infections. In humans, tonsils vary in size and swell in response to infections. The tonsils are a common site for infections and when they are inflamed, the condition is known as tonsillitis. The surgical procedure of the removal of the tonsils is known as tonsillectomy. tonsil.Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 10 Feb. 2010 Understanding Tonsillitis the Basics. WebMD. N.p., 25 Nov. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2010. The fact the Billy had two uncles that died as young children suggests that they have a disease that is linked to the X chromosome. The article says nothing about the childs grandfather having any problems, which means that the disease cannot be on the Y chromosome. The mother is healthy, therefore women are the carriers of the gene and Billys mother passed it onto him. The reason that his mother does not have the disease is because women have two X chromosomes. As long as she has one healthy X chromosome she will not have the disease. The disease that we believe that Billy DeWitt has is X-linked agammaglobulinemia. This disease fits almost all of the symptoms very well. This disease is a genetic disease that is on the X chromosome and it results in the person lacking immunoglobulins because the majority of their B-lymphocytes do not develop properly. This is completely consistent with tests done on the Billys blood serum with his immunoglobulin levels and B-lymphocyte levels both being down. This disease also leaves the T-lymphocytes untouched which matches the results that said the T-lymphocytes in Billys blood were functioning properly. This diagnosis also explains why Billy had bacterial infections as a baby. B-lymphocytes are important in fighting off bacteria and because he did not have as many it makes sense that he would be much more susceptible to those types of diseases. The only thing that is slightly inconsistent is the childs lack of palatine tonsils. Symptoms of this disease include lymph nodes like t he tonsils as being extremely small because they usually house B-lymphocytes, but it does not say that any patients completely lacked palatine tonsils from the disease. It is possible that they were so small that the doctors missed them because they were so small, or it is just a coincidence that they were never there and it did nothing but augment the disease by taking away a possible place of B-lymphocyte creation. This disease cannot be completely cured because it is genetic but the symptoms can be managed. Billy needs to receive a steady supply of a mixture of immunoglobulins and antibodies for many different diseases. This will allow him to maintain his immune system at a higher level and allow him to live a pretty normal life. The only thing that really needs to be avoided is any kind of live viral vaccines. People with X-linked agammaglobulinemia tend to contract the viruses that are meant to be prevented from the vaccines because of their weakened immune systems. International Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies. X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. Immune Defiency Foundation, 2007. PDF file.

The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Ban

The Importance of Roger Spottiswoode’s Screen Adaptation of And The Band Played On [1] Hollywood is no longer just a name, it is a business, a living entity holding America’s people in its grasp, and it is not about to let them go. Gradually taking on more responsibility and trying to build up its reputation over the years, Hollywood has progressively assumed the position of history-teller for the American public. This role, whether or not an appropriate one for an industry such as Hollywood to tackle, has catapulted actors and actresses into high paying, high visibility positions. History has and will continue to be one of the main subjects that the movie industry has been fascinated with. It is an alive and very fragile subject that, through its multi-dimensional character, requires careful attention by everyone involved in the project. Whenever Hollywood tackles an historical topic, whether portraying a non-disputable factual event or only a vaguely one, the industry is bound to encounter dispute and criticism. [2] Regardless of how careful the director, producer, and actors are at being loyal to the subject matter, then, the question still remains whether or not Hollywood is a legitimate resource for historical matter. Is it possible for a dramatic, high priced and glitzy medium to be honest and true to its subject matter in such a way that viewers are not confused but more educated walking out than they were walking in? Is the Movie Theater any place for history to be learned? Directors fight and argue that indeed Hollywood is equally as reliable and legitimate a source as other "texts." The movies provide a more immediate resource, allowing history to change from the dreaded school subject to an appea... ...-. Conduct Unbecoming: Lesbians and Gays in the U.S. Military: Vietnam to the Persian Gulf. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. ---. The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life & Times of Harvey Milk. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982. â€Å"The True Virus.† The Economist 8 June 1991 (v319 n7710): 83. Video Against AIDS. v1-3. Curated by John Greyson and Bill Horrigan. The Video Data Bank with V Tape/Canada, 1988 Voices From the Front. Video. Dir. Robyn Hutt, David Meieran and Sandra Elgear. Cinemax/Vangaurd Cinema, 1991. Wallis, Claudia. â€Å"Battling AIDS; More Misery, Less Mystery.† Time 29 April 1985: 68. Weintraub, Bernard. â€Å"Stars Flock to Be in HBO Film About the Early Years of AIDS.† Rev of And the Band Played On, by HBO Productions. New York Times 11 Jan 1993, Current Events ed.: C11. Werth, Barry. â€Å"By AIDS Obsessed.† GQ Aug 1991.